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Symploca

Generic name: SYMPLOCA Kützing ex Gomont, 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 104.
Synonyms: CYANOHYDNUM Copeland, 1936. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 36: 199., NEOADELIA Bompard, 1867. Hedwigia 6: 129., SYMPHYOTHRIX Kützing, 1843. Phycol. gener., p. 200.[ SYMPLOCA Kützing, Phycologia generalis, p. 201, 1843( speciebus pluribus exclusis) ex Gomont, 1892: Oscillatoria, Calothrix, Symploca, Phormidium, Symphyothrix, Blennothrix, Leibleinia, Leptothrix, Hypheothrix, Tolypothrix, Chthonoblastus, Lyngbya, Schizosiphon, Neadelia spec.
Diagnosis:
Gomont, 1892: Fila vaginata, e basi prostrata ascendentia et in fasciculos erectos aut rarius plus minusve procumbentes necnon anas- tomosantes dense coalita, passim pseudo-ramosa, pseudo- ramis solitariis. Vaginae leones, hyalinae, firmae aut submu- cosae. Trichomata apice recta, hand raro paulum attenuata; membrana cellulae apicalis superne in speciebus nonnullis leviter incrassata.
Type species: Symploca muralis Kützing ex Gomont 1892. - From more than 70 described species about 30 were well defined and revised.
Descriptions:
Komárek (1992): Filamentous - colonial; colonies in form of flat mats on the substrates (initial stages), from which grow up vertically erected fascicles of filaments, specifically coiled and parallely oriented; erected fascicles form occasionally small, characteristical "grass-like" mats. Fascicles (not filaments) are sometimes branched or anastomotic. Trichomes solitary, slightly coiled, cylindrical, usually not constricted at cross walls, enveloped obligatory by firm, thin, sometimes outside gelatinized sheaths. Ends of trichomes usually cylindrical, rarely slightly attenuated. Cells cylindrical, without aerotopes and usually without prominent granules, terminal cells rounded, without calyptras.
Genotype differences, molecular data:
Reproduction strategies, life cycles, cell division:
Komárek (1992): Cells divide crosswise to the trichome axis. Reproduction by hormogonia.
Ultrastructure:
Taxonomic position, higher hierarchy: Cyanophyceae,
Oscillatoriales, Phormidiaceae, Phormidioideae
Notes to taxonomy, misinterpretations:
Ecology, ecophysiology, ecological significance:
Komárek (1992): Majority of species are aerophytes growing on wet soil, rocks, walls or wet mosses. Several species are marine, known from stony littorals of seas, three species were described from the edges of thermal springs, influenced by hot water steam (atmophytic).
Gomont (1892): Plantae terrestres aut hydrophilae, rarius halophilae.
Physiology and biochemistry:
Distribution, endemism, problematic citations:
Reference strain:
Infrageneric scheme, species concept:

List of species:
Symploca aeruginosa Setchell et Gardner in Gardner 1918 
Symploca atlantica Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 109
Symploca borealis Rabenhorst ex Gomont 1892
Symploca cartilaginea Gomont ex Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 113
Symploca cavernarum Copeland 1936
Symploca ciliata (Copeland) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Symploca dubia Gomont ex Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 115
Symploca elegans Kützing ex Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 116
Symploca endolithica Beliakova 1989
Symploca erecta Pevalek 1916
Symploca funicularis Setchell et Gardner in Gardner 1918
Symploca flotowiana Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Symploca fuscescens (Küzting ex Rabenhorst) ex Gomont 1892
Symploca howei Gardner 1932
Symploca hydnoides Kützing ex Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 106
Symploca kieneri Drouet 1943
Symploca lacrimans Claus 1962
Symploca lacustris Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Symploca laete-viridis Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 109
Symploca melanocephala Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Symploca meneghiniana Kützing ex Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 113
Symploca muralis Kützing ex Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 112
Symploca muscorum Gomont ex Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 110
Symploca negrosensis Soriano 1953
Symploca nemecii Prát 1929
Symploca paludicola Gardner 1932
Symploca parietina Gomont ex Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 116
Symploca radians (Kützing) Rabenhorst ex Gomont 1892
Symploca ralfsiana Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Symploca roseola Gardner 1927
Symploca symbiotica Gardner 1927
Symploca thermalis Gomont ex Gomont 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 114
Symploca willei Gardner 1927
Symploca yappii G.S. West 1902

Unclear taxa:
Symploca atrantica var. purpurea Batters 1896
Symploca dubia var. parvula Seckt 1922
Symploca elegans var.  pulcherrima Copeland 1936
Symploca elegans  var. ramosa Schwabe 1944
Symploca funicularis sensu Geitler 1925
Symploca laete-viridis sensu Skuja 1949
Symploca rabenhorstii sensu Hansgirg 1892
Symploca willei f. hollerbachiana Elenkin 1949

Keys:
List of stains:
Drawings:
Komárek 1992
Application technology:
Literature:

  2.1 taxonomy: Gomont 1892, Geitler 1933, Geitler 1942, Anagnostidis & Roussomoustakaki 1985, Anagnostidis & Komárek 1988, Komárek 1992
  2.2 cytomorphology:
  2.3 16S rRNA sequencing:
  2.4 biology and life cycles:
  2.5 ecology: