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Rivularia

Generic name: RIVULARIA [Roth] C. Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 345;
(pre-starting-point syn.).
Synonyms: ZONOTRICHIA J. Agardh, 1842. Alg. mar. medit. adriat., p. 9.[RIVULARIA [Roth] Agardh , Systema algarum, p. 19, 1824, pro parte; - Thuret, Essai, etc., p. 5. ex Bornet et Flahault, 1886: Batrachospermum, Ulva, Chaetophora, Linckia, Clavatella, Schizosiphon, Diplotrichia, Limnactis, Ainactis, Heteractis, Geocyclus, Zonotrichia, Euactis, Physactis, Dasyactis, Amphithrix spec.
Diagnosis:
Bornet et Flahault (1886) : Thallus hemisphaericus, globosus vel inflato-lobatus cavus, interdum in stratum indefinitum confluens. Fila e centro radiantia, repetite pseudo-ramosa. Heterocystae basilares. Sporae nondum notae.
Type species: Rivularia dura Roth ex Bornet et Flahault 1886
Description:
Komárek (1992): Filaments heteropolar, differentiated into basal and apical parts, simple, joined parallely into firm, at the beginning of the vegetation cycle hemispherical or spherical, later sometimes vaste, flat, macroscopic, irregular strata, up to several cm or dm in diameter and several mm thick; strata are layered (sometimes with several layers), with densely agglomerated trichomes, oriented by their bases with heterocytes to the substrate and by the apical hair-like parts to the surface of
the colony. Strata are gelatinous up to leathery or intensely incrusted by calcium carbonate, always covering the substrate. Trichomes +/- cylindrical, constricted or unconstricted at the cross walls, dividing at intercalar heterocytes: the divided trichomes separate one from another, but remain parallely located within the mother sheaths in the colony. Hairs are composed from the narrow, long, hyaline cells. Sheaths firm, sometimes lamellated, colourless or yellow-brown, enveloping all the "daughter" trichomes, which produce their own
Genotype differences, molecular data:
Reproduction strategies, life cycles, cell division:
Komárek (1992): Cell division perpendicularly to the long axis of a trichome, later in meristematic zones. Reproduction by disintegration of trichomes whithin colonies and heterocytes and by hormogonia, separating after the separation of the hair by the help of necridic cells and sometimes liberating from the colonies.
Ultrastructure:
Taxonomic position, higher hierarchy:
Notes to taxonomy, misinterpretations:
Ecology, ecophysiology, ecological significance:
Komárek (1992): Only periphytic species, often on calcareous substrates (and then intensely incrusted by calcium carbonate), but exist also epilithic and epiphytic, not incrusted species. Important members of travertine-forming biocenoses. Several species known from marine littoral; in fresh waters, they prefer clear, unpolluted, streaming or stagnant waters.
Bornet et Flahault (1886) : Plantae marinae, subsalsae, rarius aquae dulcis.
Physiology and biochemistry:
Distribution, endemism, problematic citations:
Reference strain:
Infrageneric scheme, species concept:

List of species:
Rivularia aquatica De-Wildeman 1897
Rivularia atra Roth ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 353
Rivularia australis Harvey ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 362
Rivularia beccariana [De Notaris] Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 356
Rivularia biasolettiana Meneghini ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 352
Rivularia borealis Richer 1897
Rivularia bornetiana Setchell 1895
Rivularia bullata[Poiret] Berkeley ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4:358
Rivularia calcarata (Voronichin) Poljankij in Hollerbach, Poljanskij et Kosinskaja 1953
Rivularia compacta Collins in Collins et al. 1898
Rivularia dura Roth ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 347
Rivularia firma Womersley 1946
Rivularia haematites [De Candolle] Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 350
Rivularia hansgirgii Schmidle 1900
Rivularia indica (Schmidle) Forti 1907
Rivularia jaoi Chu 1944
Rivularia joshii Vasishta 1963
Rivularia lapidosa Čado 1958
Rivularia maharastrensis Kamat 1961
Rivularia maillardii Bourrelly 1984
Rivularia mamillata Setchell et Gardner 1918
Rivularia manginii Frémy 1931
Rivularia mesenterica [Kützing] Thuret ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 359
Rivularia minutula [Kützing] Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 348
Rivularia nitida Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 357
Rivularia oolithica Bremerkamp 1914
Rivularia polyotis [J. Agardh] Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 360
Rivularia rufescens Nägeli in Kützing ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7,4: 349
Rivularia sphaerica Hirose 1937
Rivularia thermalis Li 1984
Rivularia viellardi [Kützing] Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 4: 356

Unclear taxa:
More than 60 Rivularia species were described in 19. century (pre-starting point synonyms, before Bornet et Flahault 1886), the majority of which is not identifiable. Few of them are probably synonymous to other Rivularia species, but also to types coresponding to the genera Gloeothrichia or Nostoc. Only taxa which could be revised in future are included in the following list.

Rivularia aquatica (De-Wildeman) Geitler sensu Behre 1939
Rivularia cavanillesiana Gonzalez-Guerrero 1946
Rivularia chrysocoma [Kützing] Kirchner 1880
Rivularia globiceps G.S. West sensu Copeland 1936
Rivularia incrustata [Wood] Forti 1907
Rivularia kuntzeana [Kützing] Forti 1907
Rivularia laurentiana Klugh 1913
Rivularia mougeotiana [Agardh] Gaillard in Mougeot et Roumeguère in Louis 1887
Rivularia paradoxa [Wolle] Forti 1907
Rivularia radians [Kützing et Brébisson] Thuret 1875
Rivularia sp. sensu Ercegović 1925

Excudenda:
Rivularia angulosa De Bary 1863 = Gloeotrichia natans
Rivularia echinulus Areschoug 1872 = Gloeotrichia echinulata
Rivularia macucciana De Notaris 1866 = Gloeotrichia salina
Rivularia medusae [Meneghini] Forti 1907 = Calothrix contarenii

Keys:
List of stains:
Drawings:
Application technology:
Literature:

  2.1 taxonomy: Geitler 1932, Geitler 1942, Geitler 1960, Livingstone et Whitton 1984, Whitton 1987, Komárek et Aagnostidis 1989, Komárek 1992
  2.2 cytomorphology:
  2.3 16S rRNA sequencing:
  2.4 biology and life cycles:
  2.5 ecology: