Phormidium

Generic name: PHORMIDIUM Kützing ex Gomont, 1892. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 16: 156.

Synonyms:
HYPHEOTHRIX (Gomont ex Gomont) Kirchner, 1898. In Engler & Prantl, Nat.Pflanzenfam. 1(1a): 67.
CIRROSIPHON Duvigneaud et Symoens, 1949. Lejeunia 13: 86.
[PHORMIDIUM Kützing, Phycologia generalis, p. 190, 1843 ex Gomont, 1892: Oscillatoria, Oscillaria, Anabaena, Phormidium, Leptothrix, Amphitrix, Hypheothrix, Spirillum,
Inomeria, Symphyothrix, Symploca, Microcoleus, Chtonoblastus, Hydrocoleum, Lyngbya spec.]

Diagnosis:
Gomont (1892): Fila vaginata, simplicia, in stratum pannosum adhaerens aut rarius fluitans basi affixum et laciniatum agglomerata, haud sine ruptura segreganda. Vaginae tenues, hyalinae, mu- cosae, agglutinantes, pro parte aut omnino diffluentes. Trichomata cylindracea, in speciebus nonnullis ad genicula constricta, etiam moniliformia, apice saepius attenuato recta aut curvata, capitata aut non capitata, nunquam evidenter spiralia; membrana cellulae apicalis in speciebus
pluribus superne in calyptram incrassata.

Type species:Phormidium lucidum Kutzing ex Gomont 1892[ sec. Geitler 1942. - About 200 species, divided in 3 subgenera (according to the frequency of sheath development): Gomontinema Anagnostidis et Komárek, Phormidium
and Hansgirgia Anagnostidis et Komárek.

Descriptions:
Komárek (1992): Filamentous; filaments unbranched, rarely solitary, usually in fine, smooth, layered up to leathery strata (mats), microscopic and later macroscopic up to several cm in diameter, usually covering substrates of different types. Sheaths develop facultatively in different frequencies, only in suboptimal conditions (subg. Gomontinema), in dependence on changing environmental factors (subg. Phormidium), or regularly in all conditions (with exceptionally living free trichomes - subg. Hansgirgia); sheaths are tube-like, firm, colourless, joined to the trichomes, not layered, opened at the ends, containing always only one trichome. Trichomes isopolar, more or less straight, coiled or waved, usually 2-12(14) μm wide, uniserial, never branched, composed of cylindrical up to slightly barrel-shaped cells, more or less isodiametrical or slightly shorter or longer than wide, constricted or unconstricted at the cross walls, not attenuated and bent or screw-like twisted towards the ends, motile (waving, creeping, oscillations) within and out of sheaths. Cells without aerotopes or exceptionally with aerotopes under special, suboptimal conditions (but never characteristic of planktic
species), sometimes with granular content or with prominent granules spread throughout the cell volume, or agglomerated at the cross walls; end cells widely rounded, attenuated or pointed, sometimes with calyptra. Cell content usually blue-green, rarely brownish, pinkish or violet, sometimes modifications with stable PE:PC ratio occur; thylakoids situated perpendicularly to the cell wall (radially in a cross section). Heterocytes and akinetes absent.

Genotype differences, molecular data:

Reproduction strategies, life cycles, cell division:
Komárek (1992): Cell division crosswise, perpendicularly to the long axis of a trichome, daughter cells grow +/- up to the original size before the next division. All cells capable of division with the exception of apical ones, sometimes indistinct meristematic zones occur. Reproduction by variously long, +/- motile hormogonia, which separate at the end parts of trichomes by help of necridic cells or by fragmentation of whole trichomes (also with necridic cells).

Ultrastructure:

Taxonomic position, higher hierarchy: Cyanophyceae,
Oscillatoriales, Phormidiaceae, Phormidioideae
Notes to taxonomy, misinterpretations:

Ecology, ecophysiology, ecological significance:
Komárek (1992): Rarely solitary filaments, usually in mats on different aeric or water substrates (soil, wet rocks, mud, water plants, stones and woods in both stagnant and streaming waters), some species occur in the marine littoral. Several species are known from extreme lacalities (thermal springs, desert soils, etc.), few of them take part in the biolithogenic processes and form travertine crusts in limestone water biotopes.
Gomont (1892): Plantae terrestres vel aquaticae, haud frequenter halophilae.

Physiology and biochemistry:

Distribution, endemism, problematic citations:

Reference strain:

Infrageneric scheme, species concept:

List of species:
Group I - pointed apical cells
Phormidium acuminatum(Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium janthiphorum (Fiorini-Mazzetti ex Gomont) Elenkin 1949
Phormidium lloydianum (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium anabaenoides Drouet 1961
Phormidium karakalpakense (Muzafarov) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium paulsenianum Boye-Petersen 1930
Phormidium richardsii Drouet 1942
Phormidium tortuosum (Gardner) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988

Unclear taxa:
Oscillatoria acula Brühl et Biswas 1923
Oscillatoria acuminata sensu Setchel et Gardner 1919
Oscillatoria acuminata sensu Rino 1972
Oscillatoria acuminata var. longe-attenuata Geitler et Ruttner 1935
Oscillatoria animalis sensu Borge 1933
Oscillatoria animalis sensu Tiwari 1975
Oscillatoria apiculata Corda 1836
Oscillatoria rostrata Borge 1933
Oscillatoria sonorensis Drouet 1942
Oscillatoria variabilis (Wille) Kondrateva 1968

Group II - trichomes gradualy narrowed towads ends; end cells rounded, without calyptra
Phormidium animale (Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium californicum Drouet 1942
Phormidium ceylanicum Wille in Rechinger 1915
Phormidium cortianum (Meneghini ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium dimorphum Lemmermann 1908
Phormidium gardnerianum Drouet 1942
Phormidium hennigsii Lemmermann 1910
Phormidium insigne (Skuja) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium kolkwitzii Komárek in Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium okenii (Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium paucigranatum (Brühl et Biswas) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium pavlovskoense Elenkin 1949
Phormidium pseudocortianum (Starmach) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium pseudopristleyi Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium regelii (Skuja) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium roseum (Crouan ex Gomont) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium salinarum (Collins) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium schroederi (Borge) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium spiralis Vasishta 1962
Phormidium subuliforme (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium tanganyikae (G.S. West) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium terebriforme(Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium ulrichii (Prát) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium unigranulatum (Kiselev) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988

Unclear taxa:
Oscillatoria amethystina Buell 1938
Oscillatoria difficilis Welsh 1964
Oscillatoria ibusukiensis Emoto et Yoneda 1940
Oscillatoria schultzii Lemmermann 1905
Oscillatoria uncinata Emoto et Hirose 1952
Porphyrosiphon notarisii sensu Croasdale 1973

Group III - trichomes shortly narrowed towards ends, often bent; end cells conical rounded, without calyptra
Phormidium acutum (Brühl et Biswas) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium biforme Schwabe 1936
Phormidium boryanum (Bory ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium breve (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium chalybeum (Mertens ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium crassivaginatum (Claus) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium deflexoides (Elenkin et Kosinskaja) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium dudicsianum (Claus) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium formosum (Bory ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium gardneri Muzafarov 1959
Phormidium gebhardtianum (Claus) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium ingricum (Voronichin) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium jasorvense (Vouk) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium laetevirens (Crouan ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium umbilicatum (Nägeli) Gomont 1982
Phormidium viride (Vaucher) Lemmermann 1910
Phormidium viscosum Lemmermann 1910

Unclear taxa:
Lygbya bonariensis Seckt 1922
Lyngbya kuetzingiana Kirchner sensu Schwabe 1962
Lyngbya sp. sensu Schwabe 1962
Oscillatoria granulata Gardner sensu Drouet 1937
Oscillatoria hummelii Borge 1933
Oscillatoria subformosa Welsh 1965
Oscillatoria subsalsa Agardh ex Bornet 1889
Oscillatoria tuwaensis Thomas et Gonzalves 1965
Phormidium toficola (Nägeli) Gomont ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium sp. in Golubić 1960

Group IV - trichomes cylindrical, apical cells conical
Phormidium abronema Skuja 1949
Phormidium alaskense Gomont ex Frémy 1927
Phormidium australe Phillipson 1935
Phormidium beccarianum (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium crouanii Gomont 1892
Phormidium holdenii (Forti) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium incrustatum Gomont ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium inundatum Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium jadinianum Gomont 1893
Phormidium lusitanicum (Sampaio fil.) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium molischii (Vouk) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium olivascens Frémy 1930
Phormidium pachydermaticum Frémy 1930
Phormidium papyraceum Gomont ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium rotheanum Itzigsohn in Rabenhorst 1895
Phormidium rubroterricola Gardner 1927
Phormidium thermobium Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium tinctorium Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium truncicola Ghose 1924

Unclear taxa:
Lyngbya natans (Kützing) ex Hansgirg 1892
Lyngbya subacuminata G.S. An 1992
Lyngbya subspiroides Copeland 1936
Oscillatoria biswasii Kamat 1963
Oscillatoria gerdae Compere 1976
Oscillatoria luteola Drouet 1937
Oscillatoria minnesotensis Tilden sensu Biswas 1926
Oscillatoria subpristleyi Claassen 1961
Phormidium sp. sensu Kaas1987

Group V - trichomes cylindrical, not attenuated, apical cells widely rouded, without calyptra
Phormidium acidophilum Copeland 1936
Phormidium aerugineo-caeruleum (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium allorgei (Frémy) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium anomalum (Bharadwaja) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium articulatum (Gardner) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium arvense (Rao) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium bohneri Schmidle 1901
Phormidium bulgaricum (Komárek) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium caerulescens (Gicklhorn) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium calcicola Gardner 1927
Phormidium carboniciphilum (Prát) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium chlorinum (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium corbierei (Frémy) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium corium Gomont 1892
Phormidium coutinhoi Sampaio 1941
Phormidium crassior (Behre) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium diguetii (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium durum Gardner 1937
Phormidium fragmentosum Wawrik 1986
Phormidium gracile (Meneghini ex Gomont) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium granulatum (Gardner) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium griseo-violaceum (Skuja) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium grunowianum (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium hamelii (Frémy) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium interruptum Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium jenkeanum Schmidt 1914
Phormidium koprophilum (Skuja) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium kuetzingianum (Kirchner) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium leptodermum Kützing 1843 ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium lividum Nägeli in Kützing 1849 ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium macedonicum Čado 1959
Phormidium molle Gomont 1892
Phormidium monile Setchell et Gardner 1930
Phormidium murrayi (W. et G.S. West) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium nigrum (Vaucher ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium numidicum (Gomont sensu Welsh) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium priestleyi Fritsch 1917
Phormidium puteale (Montagne ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium retzii (Agardh) Gomont ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium rimosum (Komárek) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium rubidum (Frémy) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium schroederi (Borge) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium simplicissimum (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium stagninum Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium steyermarkii Douet 1942
Phormidium subincrustatum Fritsch et Rich 1929
Phormidium subterraneum Phillipson 1935
Phormidium tambii (Woronichin) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium taylori (Drouet et Strickland) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium tergestinum Kützing ex Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium thermophilum Skuja 1937
Phormidium usteri Schmidle 1904
Phormidium versicolor Wartmann in Rabenhorst 1861 ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium willei (Gardner) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium woronichinii (Ponomarev) Anagnostidis 2001

Unclear taxa
Lyngnya aqualimpidens Senna et Ferreira 1986
Lyngbya calida Borge 1933
Lyngbya chungii Drouet 1942
Lyngbya cinerascens Kützing ex Biswas 1926
Lyngbya dendrobia Brühl et Biswas 1923 sensu Skuja 1949
Lyngbya dixitii Kamat 1963
Lyngbya elongata Borge 1933
Lyngbya guaymensis Drouet 1942
Lyngbya laxespiralis Skuja 1949
Lyngbya lutea Gomont 1892
Lyngbya ornata var. kwangsiensis Jao 1944
Lyngbya palikiana Claus 1955
Lyngbya palmarum Martens ex Brühl et Biswas 1923
Lyngbya platensis Seckt 1922
Lyngbya rupestris (Agardh) ex Hansgirg 1892
Lyngbya schmidlei Kamat 1963
Lyngbya spiraloides Archibald 1967
Lyngbya spissa (Bory) ex Hansgirg 1892
Lyngbya tchadensis Compere 1974
Lyngbya transwaalensis Cholnoky 1955
Lyngbya willei Setchel et Gardner in Gardner 1918
Oscillatoria chalybea var. insularis Gardner 1927
Oscillatoria conformis Welsh 1964
Oscillatoria croasdaleae Kamat 1964
Oscillatoria flexa Playfair 1918
Oscillatoria forreaui Frémy 1942
Oscillatoria grossegranulata Skuja 1956
Oscilatoria hubescens DeCandolle ex Gomont 1892
Oscillatoria limnetica var. maior Seckt 1922
Oscillatoria mahabaleshwarensis Kamat 1962
Oscillatoria maldoadoana Drouet 1943
Oscillatoria maricola Gardner 1932
Oscillatoria mauchaiana Claus 1932
Oscillatoria mougeotii Kützing sensu Palik 1949
Oscillatoria nylstromica Claassen 1961
Oscillatoria proteus Skuja 1949
Oscillatoria subcontorta Jao 1944
Oscillatoria variavilis Rao 1936
Oscillatoria yonedae Umezaki 1961
Phormidium arthrospiroides (Virieux) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium boryanum Kützing sensu Stramach 1966
Phormidium cliarense (W. West) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium rupestre Agardh ex Kützing 1984

Group VI - trichomes shortly attenuated towards ends; apical cells ± spherically capitate
Phormidium baculum (Gomont) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium bekesiense (I. Kiss) K. Kiss in Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium chungii Gardner 1927
Phormidium martinii (Frémy) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988

Unclear taxa:
Oscillatoria belmontica Welsh 1966
Phormidium calidum var. olivaceum Gardner 1927

Group VII - trichomes shortly or gradually narrowed towards ends; apical cells (well developed !!) calyptrate
Phormidium amoenum Kützing ex Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium atenuatum (Fritsch) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium autumnale (Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium beggiatoiforme (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium calcareum Kützing ex Starmach 1966
Phormidium calidum Gomont ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium caucasicum (Elenkin et Kosinskaja) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium crustaceum Voronichin 1932
Phormidium endolithicum Ercegović 1932
Phormidium favosum Gomont ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium fonticola Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium hiemale (Jaag) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium hieronymusii Lemmermann 1904
Phormidium lacustre (Čado) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium lismorense (Playfair) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium litorale Golubić 1960
Phormidium nigro-viride (Thwaites ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium paludosum Jao et Lee in Jao et al. 1974
Phormidium penicillatum Gomont 1893
Phormidium pseudo-okeni Turicchia, Ventura, Komárková et Komárek 2009. Nova Hedwigia 89(1-2): 185

Phormidium schroeteri (Hansgirg ex Hansgirg) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium setchellianum Gomont 1892
Phormidium subcapitatum Boye-Petersen 1928
Phormidium submembranaceum (Ardissone et Strafforello 1877) ex Gomont 1872
Phormidium subsalsum Gomont 1829
Phormidium violaceum (Wallroth ex Gomont) Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium vulgare (Kützing) ex Anagnostidis 2001
Phormidium yellowstonense Prát 1929

Unclear taxa:
Lyngbya attenuata Fritsch sensu Starmach et Siemińska 1979
Lyngbya boryana (Kützing) Kirchner sensu Hansgirg 1892
Lyngbya joanniana (Kützing) ex Hansgirg 1892
Oscillatoria chutteri Welsh 1964
Oscillatoria beggiatoiformis var. maxima Copeland 1936
Oscillatoria subamoena Jao 1947
Oscillatoria terebriformis sensu auct. post.
Phormidium autumnale sensu Starmach et Siemińska 1979
Phormidium autumnale sensu Borge 1911
Phormidium corium var. capitatum Gardner 1927
Phormidium laysanense Lemmermann 1905

Group VIII - cells allways distictly shorter than wide; apical cells often calyptrate [possibly belong to Oscillatoriaceae]
Phormidium ambiguum Gomont ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium corallinae (Gomont ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium irriguum(Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium lucidum Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium ornatum (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek 1988
Phormidium pulvinatum Voronichin 1923
Phormidium subfuscum Kützing ex Gomont 1892
Phormidium uncinatum Gomont ex Gomont 1892

Unclear taxa:
Oscillatoria rubescens sensu Werner et Rosa 1992
Phormidium ambiguum var. major Lemmermann 1910

Keys:

List of stains:

Drawings:

Komárek 1992

Application technology:

Literature:

	2.1 taxonomy: Gomont 1892, Geitler 1932, Anagnostidis & Komárek 1988, Komárek 1992
	2.2 cytomorphology:
	2.3 16S rRNA sequencing:
	2.4 biology and life cycles:
	2.5 ecology:

Back to list of valid genera

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