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Hapalosiphon

Generic name: HAPALOSIPHON Nägeli in Kützing ex Bornet et Flahault 1887. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 5: 54.
Synonyms:
CYANOTHRIX Schmidle, 1897.All. Bot. Ztschr. 3(3): 37., LUNOEVIA Sukačev, 1908. J. Bot. Soc. Imp. Nat. St.-Petersb. 3: 124., [HAPALOSIPHON Nägeli,in Kützing, Species
Algar., p. 894, 1849 ex Bornet et Flahault, 1886: Merizomyria, Tolypothrix, Mastigocladus, Calothrix spec.]
Diagnosis:
Bornet et Flahault (1888) : Fila libera, lateraliter haud concreta, e cellulis singulis, rarius binis formata, ramosa. Rami erecti a filo primario re- pente parum diversi. Vaginae fere ubique continuae. Heterocystae intercalares. Plantae aquaticae, caespitoso-floccosae, tenerae. (Conf. Itzigsohn, Skizzen zu einer Lebensgeschichte des Hapalosiphon Braunii, 1855; - Borzi, Morfologia etc., in N. Giornale bot. ital., XI, p. 381,1879.)
Type species: Hapalosiphon pumilus Kirchner ex Bornet et Flahault 1887
Descriptions:
Komárek (1992): Filamentous - thallous; thallus from free, coiled filamentous clusters, joined to the substrate, later sometimes free floating in metaphyton. Filaments irregularly arcuated, with uniserial trichomes (only rarely with some cells length-wise divided), laterally (usually unilaterally) true-branched (T-type) and morphologically not differentiated in main and lateral trichomes, only rarely are branches slightly narrower. Sheaths thin, colourless, rarely indistinctly layered. Heterocytes intercalar, exceptionally lateral. Cells cylindrical, only rarely indistinctly constricted at cross-walls or barrel-shaped, sometimes with finely and sparsely
granular content. Heterocytes intercalar, cylindrical. Sometimes occur solitary akinetes.
Genotype differences, molecular data:
Reproduction strategies, life cycles, cell division:
Komárek (1992): Cells divide cross-wise, without meristematic zones. Reproduction by hormogonia, separating from trichomes (usually ends of branches) by help of necridic cells.
Ultrastructure:
Taxonomic position, higher hierarchy: Cyanophyceae, Stigonematales, Mastigocladaceae, Mastigocladoideae
Notes to taxonomy, misinterpretations:
Ecology, ecophysiology, ecological significance:
Komárek (1992): Majority of species grow in stagnant waters (metaphytic, littoral of lakes, swamps), usually clear and with water plants (in tropical and temperate zones), several species prefer moors and peaty waters. One species occurs in thermal waters, two species grow subaerophytic.
Physiology and biochemistry:
Distribution, endemism, problematic citations:
Reference strain:
Infrageneric scheme, species concept:

List of species:
Hapalosiphon arboreus W. et G.S. West 1894
Hapalosiphon aureus W. et G.S. West 1894
Hapalosiphon baronii W. et G.S. West 1895
Hapalosiphon brasiliensis Borge 1918
Hapalosiphon confervaceus Borzì 1892
Hapalosiphon cossyrensis (Borzì) Komárek 2012. Fottea 12(1): 143
Hapalosiphon godwardii (Prasad et Srivastava) Komárek 1989
Hapalosiphon hibernicus W. et G.S. West 1896
Hapalosiphon hormocystophorus Böcher 1950. Meddelelser om Grønland 147(5): 13
Hapalosiphon intricatus W. et G.S. West 1894
Hapalosiphon luteolus W. et G.S.West 1897
Hapalosiphon pumilus Kirchner ex Bornet et Flahault 1887. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 5: 61 [syn. Hapalosiphon fontinalis (Agardh) Bornet 1889]
Hapalosiphon rhidesicum Welsh 1962
Hapalosiphon stuhlmannii  Hieronymus in Engler 1895
Hapalosiphon subgelatinosum Gardner 1927
Hapalosiphon tenuis Gardner 1927
Hapalosiphon welwitschii W. et G.S. West 1897

Unclear taxa:
Hapalosiphon brebissonii var. globosus Nordstedt ex Wittrock et Nordstedt 1889
Hapalosiphon delicatulus W. et G.S. West 1902
Hapalosiphon flexuosus Borzì 1892
Hapalosiphon fontinalis sensu auct. (Rich 1935, Fritsch et Rich 1937, Bourrelly 1957)
Hapalosiphon fontinalis var. tenuissimus (Grunow) Collins et Setchell 1896
Hapalosiphon intricatus sensu auct. (Bourrelly 1957, Desikachary 1959, Yamagishi 1967)
Hapalosiphon notabilis Beck-Mannagetta 1931
Hapalosiphon pumilus/fontinalis sensu auct. (Scott et Prescott 1958, Gonzalves et Kamat 1960, Koster 1960, Bourrelly 1961, 1970)
Hapalosiphon sphaericus (Sukačev) Elenkin 1916

Excludenda:
 Hapalosiphon laminosus (Cohn) Hansgirg ex Bornet et Flahault 1887. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 5: 55 = Mastigocladus laminosus

Keys:
List of stains:
Drawings:
Komárek 1992
Application technology:
Literature:

  2.1 taxonomy: Geitler 1932, Geitler 1942, Komárek 1992
  2.2 cytomorphology:
  2.3 16S rRNA sequencing:
  2.4 biology and life cycles:
  2.5 ecology: