Cylindrospermopsis
| Generic name: CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS Seenayya et Subba Raju, 1972. Tax. Biol. Blue-green Alg. (Madras), p. 55. | ||||||||||
| Synonyms: Form-genus: Cylindrospemopsis Seenayya et Subba Raju, 1972 in Castenholz, Bergey's Manual, 2nd. ed., 2001, 1: 571-572 |
||||||||||
| Diagnosis: Seenayya et Subba Raju (1972): Trichomata recta vel spiraliter connexa, leviter contracta versus fines; cellulae cylindricales cum nullis vel haud ullis constrictionibus ad parietes transversas; heterocystae semper terminales; cum trichomata fragmentur, novae heterocystae orientur adterminos liberos trichomatum per transformationem cellularum vegetativarum terminalium ; sporae praesentes intercalares in situ. Etymogy: Castenholz (2001): Cy.lin.dro.sper'm.op'sis. Cylindrospermum genus of cyanobacteria; Gr. opsis appearance; M.L. fem. n. ( Cylindrospermopsis - Cylindrospermum-like in appearance) |
||||||||||
| Type species: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska)Seenayya et Subba Raju 1972 Seenayya et Subba Raju(1972): Type: Monotypic, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wolosz.) comb. nov. (= Anabaena raciborskii Woloszynska, 1913, Bull. int. Acad. Sci. Cracovie Cl. Sci. Math & Nat; ser.B, 1912: 649-709. == Anabaenopsis raciborskii (Wolosz.) Elenkin, 1923, Bot Mat. Inst. Sporov. Rast. Glav. Bot. Sad. U.S.S.R., 2. |
||||||||||
| Descriptions: Komárek & Komárková (2003): Filaments free-floating, solitary, straight, bent or screw-like coiled, in several species narrowed towards ends, without sheaths. Trichomes isopolar (heteropolar only in trichomes with only one heterocyte), subsymmetrical, with or without constrictions at cross-walls. Cells are cylindrical or barrel-shaped, usually distinctly longer than wide, pale blue-green, yellowish or olive-green, facultatively with aerotopes; end cells are conical or bluntly or sharply pointed. Heterocytes only terminal, oval, ovoid or conical, sometimes slightly curved and drop-like, unipored; they develop after ± asymmetrical division of the end cells, usually" asynchronously at both ends of the trichome. Akinetes are ellipsoidal or cylindrical, in coiled specimens usually slightly curved, developing usually slightly distant from heterocytes, rarely adjacent to apical heterocytes. Reproduction by trichome fragmentation and by akinetes. - Nine species are recently accepted (Fig. 3), but more morphotypes can be recognised, in future (comp. Fig. 2). Castenholz (2001): The thin trichomes (<4 um in diameter) are straight or loosely coiled; vegetative cells are cylindrical and exhibit randomly distributed gas vesicle clusters. Heterocysts occupy exclusively terminal positions, at one or both ends of the trichomes. As the vegetative cells that give rise to them, heterocysts are conical to spear-shaped. Cylindrical akinetes, singly, in pairs or short chains, are formed adjacent to, or slightly distant from, the heterocysts. Sheath layers and hormogonia that differ structurally from the mature filaments are not produced. Baker & Fabbro (1999:33): Planktonic; trichomes solitary, straight, slightly curved or spirally coiled, sub-symmetric structure; gas vesicles present; mucilaginous envelope absent. Heterocytes conical or long ovoid in shape, always terminal at one or both ends of the trichome developing from asymmetric division of the apical cell; the ends of the trichome attenuated when heterocytes not present; vegetative cells cylindrical with little or no constriction at the cross-walls; akinetes cylindrical or oblong-ovate, solitary or in pairs, intercalary, generally near to but remote from the heterocytes with para-heterocytic development. Komárková (1998): Up to now, known species of the genus Cylindrospermopsis have been found only in freshwater plankton. The main diacritical features, characterizing this genus among nostocacean cyanobacteria, are as follows (Fig. 2): (1) The filaments are isopolar, solitary, straight or coiled, free floating,cylindrical or slightly narrowed toward both ends. This feature is identical with the genus Aphanizomenon, from which it differs, however, by the mode ofheterocytedevelopment. (2) The heterocytes develop only from terminal, narrowed cells, after asymmetrical cell division from the apical smaller part. From this point of view, the most related genus is Anabaenopsis, in which the heterocytes also divide from smaller cells after asymmetrical division. This division proceeds always intercalarly, two heterocytes being formed from two neighbouring cells, situated in a mirror-like position (the terminal position of heterocytes in Anabaenopsis is only secondary, after the disintegration of the trichome between two heterocytes). The apical heterocytes in Cylindrospermopsis do not usually develop simultaneously at both trichome ends, but one after another (Fig. 2,1-II). (3) The akinetes develop facultatively beside or slightly distant from heterocytes, solitarily, in pairs, or in short series. The development of akinetes with combination with heterocytes gives to the Cylindrospermopsis filaments a typical subsymmetric appearance. Of the other related genera, only the genus Aphanizomenon has subsymmetric trichomes, but the heterocytes develop intercalarly at several places from one vegetative cell. The genus Anabaenopsis has a typical metameric structure. Another genus, in which the heterocytes develop at both trichome ends (but not after an asymmetrical cell division) is Cylindrospermum, which has, however, typical symmetrical trichomes (with terminal heterocytes and akinetes developing symmetrically beside heterocytes). Komárek (1992): Filaments solitary, straight or screw-like coiled, free-floating, slightly narrowed to the both ends, without sheaths; trichomes isopolar (or secondary heteropolar - transient stages), with slight .constrictions or unconstricted at cross-walls, subsymmetric (according to the position of heterocytes and akinetes). Cells cylindrical, isodiametric or shorter or longer than wide, pale blue-green or yellowish, with aerotopes; end cells (before heterocyte formation) narrowed, conical, bluntly pointed. Heterocytes ovoid or conical, sometimes slightly curved, unipored, terminal; they develop from the terminal cells, which change into proheterocytes after asymmetrical cross division of the end cell in a young trichome. Akinetes oval to cylindrical with rounded ends, developing asymmetrically on a trichome, solitary or in short rows (up to three), slightly distant from the terminal heterocytes, rarely close to heterocytes. Seenayya et Subba Raju(1972): Trichomes straight or spirally coiled tapering slightly towards the ends; cells cylindrical with little or no constrictions at the crosswalls; heterocysts always terminal, when the trichomes break new heterocysts arise at the free ends of the trichomes by the transformation of the end vegetative cells; spores present intercalary in position |
||||||||||
Genotype differences, molecular data: Castenholz(2001, according to Saitou & Nei 1987 and Van de Peer & al. 1993), sec. Komárek & Komárková (2003) |
||||||||||
| Reproduction strategies, life cycles, cell division: Komárek (1992):Cells divide cross-wise (sometimes asymmetrically) and grow more or less into the original size before the next division. Without meristematic zones all cells capable to divide. Reproduction by trichome fragmentation and by akinetes. |
||||||||||
| Ultrastructure: | ||||||||||
|
Taxonomic position, higher hierarchy: Cyanophyceae,
|
||||||||||
| Ecology, ecophysiology, ecological significance: Komárek & Komárková (2003): All Cylindrospermopsis species are known from plankton of freshwater eutrophic reservoirs in tropical, subtropical or temperate regions (in summer), where they form sometimes water-blooms. In tropics, the appearance is often connected with nitrogen limitation ofphytoplankton. With increasing data about distribution and importance appeared a necessity of detailed autecological studies of C. raciborskii. We select several important ecological articles for information: Baxter (1996), Bormans (1999), Dokulil & Mayer (1996), Fabbro & Duivenvoorden (1996), Padisák (1991, 1999, 2002), Présing & al.(1996), Komárková & al. (1999), Gorzó (1987), Vörös (1995). - As a water-bloom forming species, Cylindrospermopsis (particularly C. raciborskii) belongs to important dominant cyanobacterial plankters of eutrophic reservoirs in all tropical regions, and recently also in temperate zone. Majority of populations produce cyanotoxins (cylindrospermopsin), which insert this genus among the most important cyanobacterial types in the present water management. Already wide literature exists about toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis(see special papers); we list here only the basic titles (in an alphabetic order): Baker (1996), Carmichael & al. (2001), Chiswell & al. (1999), Chorus & Bartam(1999), Eaglesham & al. (1999), Falconer (1996), Falconer & al. (1999), Francis (1878), Hawkins & al. (1985), Lagos & al. (1997, 1999), McGregor & Everding (1998), Ohtani & al. (1992), Seawright & al. (1999), Saker & Eaglesham (1999), Schembri & al. (2001), Senogles & al. (2000), Shaw & al. (1999, 2000), Skulberg & al. (1993), Thomas & al. (1998), Vörös (1995) and many others. Komárek (1992):All species planktic in eutrophized water basins (water blooms), commonly in tropical countries; more common A. raciborskii facultatively also in temperate zones during the summer seasons. |
||||||||||
| Physiology and biochemistry: |
||||||||||
| Distribution, endemism, problematic citations: Komárek & Komárková (2003): Cylindrospermopsis is primarily a tropical genus. The type species, "Anabaena"(=Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii, was found and described in 1912 from Indonesia (Java), and this species was later recorded under various names from almost all tropical regions, from India (Bruhl & Biswas 1922, Desikachary 1959, Singh 1962, Hortobagyi 1969, Seenayya & Subba Raju 1972), Philippines (Taylor 1932, Behre 1956: fa. maior and fa. minor), Egypt (Brunnthaler 1914), Japan (Negoro 1953), Brazil ( Cronberg 1978, Branco & Senna 1991, Sant'Anna 1991, Bouvy& al. 2000), Cuba (Komárek 1984), Australia (Hawkins & al. 1985, Baker & Fabbro 1995), etc. Recently, numerous data exist about heavy water blooms of the pantropical Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from the whole tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, central and South America and from numerous Oceanic Islands. Moreover, the 7 new common Cylindrospermopsis species described in the period of 1990-2003, almost all spread in different areas of tropical regions, prove the diversification ability and ecological potential of this genus. Another indication of development and vitality of Cylindrospermopsis is the invasive pressure of C. raciborskii into temperate zones, and the formation of different morphotypes in different parts of its wide geographic area. Already Kogan (1956), Obuchova & Kosenko (1964) and Proškina-Lavrenko & Makarova (1968) described several species from central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Caspic Sea), which all belong to the vicinity of C. raciborskii, but their stability and relations are unclear (Fig. 2). In 1955, Prescott & Andrews described one probably Cylindrospermopsis species from Kansas (Wooster Lake) in North America (Anabaenopsis seriata). Later, since the studies of Hill (1970, from Minnesotta lakes), several north American localities of Cylindrospermopsis are known, particularly from southern states of USA and Mexico. The first European record of C. raciborskii (sub Anabaenopsis) was published probably by Skuja (1937) from the lake Kastoria in Greece (Tab. 6B). In 1942, Szalai registered the first population of Cylindrospermopsis from Hungary {Anabaenopsis raciborskii var. longiscellula; Fig. 2H). Further populations from Pannonian district were registered by Hamar (1977), Jeeji Bai & al. (1977), Schmidt (1977), Horecká & Komárek (1979), Padisák (1991,1997) and others. C. raciborskii forms now common regular populations in the lowland of Danube river. Kondrateva (1968) recorded localities from southern Ukraine (Odessa district, basin of Danube river) and Aksenova (1974) from the river Don. Further records are known from lakes in Danube delta (Kaštovský, orig. data). The species collected also from Slovakia and Moravian part of the Czech Republic by Hindák (1988), and from Austria by Claus (1961; "Anabaenopsis woloszynskae"; Fig. 2G), Dokulil & Mayer (1996), and Dokulil & Teubner (2000). In 2002 there were reported localities also from Germany (Nixdorf and Mischke, pers. comm.). The next European localities are known from Italy (Ventura pers. comm.), and from central and southern France (Coute & al. 1997, 2003) (Fig. 5).  Komárek & Komárková (2003): Invasion of C. raciborskii in Europe. Main selected records.Komárek (2002: 35): All species occur in tropical regions and several of them form rich populations, dominating in phytoplankton community in tropical reservoirs. Up to know, only one species (type-species, C. raciborskii) is well known and studied, evidently from two reasons: this pantropical species has tendency to invade warm regions of temperate zones (in Europe, it is well known from Mediterranean countries, south France, Pannonian region), where it forms also water blooms. The second reason of its study is the intense production of cyanotoxins (cylindrospermopsin). |
||||||||||
| Reference strain: Castenholz (2001): AWT 205 (not axenic), as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from Solomon dam (Palm Island, a tropical continental island about 28 km from the northeastern coast of Australia)(Hawkins et al. 1985) ( B. Neilan, personal communication to R. Rippka). |
||||||||||
| Infrageneric scheme, species concept: |
||||||||||
| List of species: Cylindrospermopsis acuminato-crispa Coute et Bouvy 2004. Arch. Hydrobiol/Algol. Stud. (Cyanobact. Res. 5) .... Cylindrospermopsis africana Komárek et Kling 1991. Arch. Hydrobiol./Algol. Stud. 61: 38 Cylindrospermopsis catemaco Komárková-Legnerová et Tavera 1996. Arch. Hydrobiol./Algol. Stud. 83: 413-414 Cylindrospermopsis curvispora M. Watanabe 1995. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus., Ser. B(Botany), 21(2): 48 Cylindrospermopsis cuspis Komárek et Kling 1991. Arch. Hydrobiol./Algol. Stud. 61: 38 Cylindrospermopsis gangetica (Nair) Komárek 2012. Fottea 12(1): 142 Cylindrospermopsis helicoidea Cronberg et Komárek 2003. Nova Hedwigia ... Cylindrospermopsis philippinensis (Taylor) Komárek 1984. Acta Bot. Cubana 19: 29 Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Subba Raju 1972. Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-green Algae, 1.Int. Symp. Tax. Biol. Blue-green Algae, Madras, p. 55 Cylindrospermopsis sinuosa Coute, Leitao et Sarmento 2003. Arch. Hyrobiol./ Algol. Stud. (Cyanobacterial Research 3) 111:.... Cylindrospermopsis taverae Komárek et Komárková-Legnerová 2002. Preslia 74: 229 Unclear taxa: Synonyms: Excludenda: |
||||||||||
Keys: Komárek & Komárková (2003)
|
||||||||||
| List of stains: | ||||||||||
|
Drawings:
|
||||||||||
| Application technology: | ||||||||||
Literature:
|
Back to list of valid genera