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Cyanosaccus

Generic name: CYANOSACCUS Lukas et Golubić, 1981. J. Phycol. 17: 225.
Synonyms:
Diagnosis:
Type species:Cyanosaccus piriformis Lukas et Golubić,1981
Descriptions:
Komárek & Anagnostidis (1998): Thallus endolithic, penetrating into carbonate substrates, such as calcareous, marine littoral stones, rocks, ooid grains and mollusc shells, microscopic (to 85 um long), sometimes simply finger-like branched, composed of polarized groups of cells (= shortened heteropolar pseudofilaments). Cells solitary, in pairs or in groups (clusters) with up to 12 cells, usually more or less ovoid, pear-shaped or club-shaped, sometimes pear-shaped with remarkably elongate pedicell, on both ends rounded, enclose within ends of mucilaginous solitary, pseudodichotomous or finger-like branches of thallus, orientated by their narrowed ends to the ; surface of the upper substrate; the whole colony appears as a finger-like fascicle of pear-shaped cells immersed in the substrate. The gelatinous envelopes are firm, colourless or yellowish to yellow-brown, layered, narrowed and elongate toward the substrate surface, and provide the connection with the outer environment by a small opening. The varication of the thallus is caused by the lengthwise division of endolithic cells and cell clusters, and by the consequent directional production of gelatinous stalks. Cell content of variable colour greyish, bluish, olive-green, blue-green, red, pink), finely granular, without conspicuous inclusions.
Komárek (1992): Unicellular, sometimes forming polarized and specially oriented groups of cells. Thallus endolithic, penetrating in carbonate substrates in calcareous, marine littoral stones and rocks, microscopic, up to 85 um long, sometimes simply finger-like branched. Cells solitary, in pairs ot in groups (clusters) with up to 8 cells, more or less pear-shaped or club-shaped, on both ends rounded, enclosed within ends of mucilaginous finger-like branches of thallus, oriented by their narrowed ends to the surface of the substrate. The mucilaginous envelopes are gelatinous, firm, colourless, layered, narrowed and elongated toward the substrate surface, and provide the connection with the outer environment by a small opening. The branching is caused by division of endolithic cell clusters and through the consequent directional production of gelatinous "stalks". Cell content of variable colour (greyish, olive-green, blue – green, reddish), finely granular, without conspicuous inclusion.
Genotype differences, molecular data:
Reproduction strategies, life cycles, cell division:
Komárek & Anagnostidis (1998): Cell division at first horizontal, i.e. perpendicular to the vertical axis, later in further directions, by
binary fission; the upper part divides after separation of the upper-outer part of a cell simultaneously by multiple fission or by successive (up to 3) binary fissions into many (to 32 or more) small, rounded baeocytes (to 5 um in diameter), which escape from the sheaths into the environment, become attached to the limestone and penetrate again into the substrate. The «apical» large cells divide usually only lengthwise by binary fission, rarely both lengthwise and crosswise; (fig. 587).
Komárek (1992):Cell division at first perpendicularly to the vertical or horizontal axes, or in more directions, by binary fission, later (after separation of the upper-outer part of a cell), the upper part divides spontaneously in many (up to 32 or more) small, rounded nanocytes (up to 5 um ), which escape from the sheaths into the environment, attach to the limestone and penetrate again into the substrate.
Ultrastructure:
Taxonomic position, higher hierarchy:
Cyanophyceae, Chroococcales, Hyellaceae, Podocapsoideae
Notes to taxonomy, misinterpretations:Three species.
Ecology, ecophysiology, ecological significance:
Komárek (1992):Marine. Boring into mollusc shells, rocks and other limestone substrates in water depths from 0.5 m above to 75 m below MWL, in ovoid grains from the shallow subtidal zone and in the intertidal zone. One species known from the shores of eastern Florida and Bermuda Islands, two from the limestone Mediterranean coasts of Greece.
Physiology and biochemistry:
Distribution, endemism, problematic citations:
Reference strain:
Infrageneric scheme, species concept:
List of species:
Cyanosaccus aegeus Anagnostidis et Pantazidou 1985
Cyanosaccus atticus Anagnostidis et Pantazidou 1988
Cyanosaccus piriformis Lukas et Golubić 1981
Keys:
List of stains:
Drawings:
 Komárek 1992
Application technology:
Literature:

  2.1 taxonomy: Lukas et Golubić 1981, Anagnostidis et Pantazidou 1985, Anagnostidis et Pantazidou 1988a, Pantazidou 1991 (diss.),  Komárek 1992, Komárek & Anagnostidis 1998
  2.2 cytomorphology:
  2.3 16S rRNA sequencing:
  2.4 biology and life cycles:
  2.5 ecology: