| Generic name: CALOTHRIX Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault, 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 7, 3: 345.
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Synonyms:
CALOTHRIX Agardh, Systema algarum, p. XXIV, 1824 : Conferva, Oscillatoria, Ceramium, Desmarestella, Leibleinia, Rivularia, Lyngbya, Schizosiphon, Symphyosiphon, Mastigothrix, Mastigonema, Amphihrix, Symploca, Gleotrichia sp.
LOPHOPODIUM Kützing, 1849. Tab. phycol. 1: 45.
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Diagnosis:
Bornet et Flahault (1886): Fila simplicia aut varie prolifera, nunquam dichotome divisa. Heterocystae nunc intercalares, nunc basilares, in tribus speciebus nullae. Caespites tomentosi, pulvinati vel penicillati. Sporae, in unica specie huc usque visae, seriatae, basilares. (Conf. Borzi, Morfologia e biologia delle Alghe ficocromacee, in Nuovo Giornale bot. ital., 1882, vol. XIV, p. 374.)
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| Type species: Calothrix confervicola Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault 1886 |
Descriptions:
Komárek (1992): Filaments heteropolar, differentiated into basal (usually joined to the substrate) and apical parts, simple, solitary or in small groups, separated one from another (not in common mucilage), rarely with single, lateral false branches, oriented more or less in direction of the original growth; the filaments sometimes creeping on the substrate. Trichomes always with basal, more or less spherical or hemispherical heterocytes, and occasionally with intercalar cylindrical heterocytes; at intercalar heterocytes sometimes division of trichomes and their subsequent disintegration; trichomes sometimes with widened basal part, constricted or unconstricted at the cross walls, ending by the hair-like apical part composed from narrow, long, hyaline cells; the hair formation is dependent on phosphorus-metabolism; (trichomes in several species obligatory without hairs - they represent probably a special genus different from both the Calothrix and Microchaete). Sheaths always present, usually firm, sometimes lamellated and yellow-brownish coloured, or funnel-like widened at the ends; cells cylindrical or barrel-shaped. Aerotopes in vegetative cells absent, but occur in hormogonia (always 7). Akinetes rarely in basal parts (known in few species only). Probably able to chromatic adaptation (all species 7).
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| Genotype differences, molecular data:
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Reproduction strategies, life cycles, cell division:
Komárek (1992): Cell division perpendicularly to the long axis of trichomes (probably always without subapical meristematic zones). Trichomes disintegrate at heterocytes and separately develop in new trichomes. Reproduction by motile hormogonia, which divide from the trichome, but help of the necridic cells and liberate from the sheath after separation of the terminal hair; hormogonia of several species with aerotopes (in all species 7; maybe an intergeneric feature).
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| Ultrastructure:
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Taxonomic
position, higher hierarchy: Cyanophyceae, Nostocales, Rivulariaceae
Notes to taxonomy,
misinterpretations:
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Ecology, ecophysiology, ecological significance:
Komárek (1992): Only periphytic species, growing on water plants, other algae, on stones and wooden substrates in different aquatic habitats, particularly in not polluted biotopes. Several species are known from marine littorals (incl. the type species).
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Physiology and biochemistry:
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Distribution, endemism, problematic citations:
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Reference strain:
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Infrageneric scheme, species concept:
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List of species:
1) Species with terminal hairs
Calothrix aberrans Cholnoky 1952
Calothrix adscencens [Nägeli] Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 365
Calothrix aeruginea Thuret ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 358
Calothrix africana Schmidle 1901
Calothrix allorgei Frémy 1945
Calothrix australiensis Scott et Prescott 1958
Calothrix baileyi Copeland 1936
Calothrix bharadwajae De Toni 1939
Calothrix borealis Whelden 1947
Calothrix braunii Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 368
Calothrix breviarticulata W. et G.S. West 1897
Calothrix calida Richter in Kuntze 1898
Calothrix castellii [Messalongo] Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 369
Calothrix capitularis Uher 2007. Fottea 7: 34
Calothrix cavernarum Copeland 1936
Calothrix charicola Copeland 1936
Calothrix clavata G.S. West 1914
Calothrix clavatoides Ghose 1927
Calothrix codicola Setchell et Gardner 1930
Calothrix columbiana G.S.West 1914
Calothrix compacta Jao 1939
Calothrix confervicola Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 349
Calothrix contarenii [Zanardini] Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 355
Calothrix coriacea Copeland 1936
Calothric crustacea Thuret ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 359
Calothrix cylindrica Frémy 1924
Calothrix desertica Schwabe 1960
Calothrix epiphytica W. et G.S. West 1897
Calothrix evanescens Gardner 1927
Calothrix estonica Kukk 1959
Calothrix fasciculata Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 361
Calothrix feldmannii Bourrelly et Manguin 1952
Calothrix flahaultii Frémy 1927
Calothrix floccosa (Voronichin) Geitler 1925
Calothrix fritschii Bharadwaja 1935
Calothrix fuellebornii Schmidle 1902
Calothrix fusca Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 364
Calothrix fusco-violacea Crouan ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 352
Calothrix geilterii Copeland 1936
Calothrix geitonos Skuja 1949
Calothrix ghosei Bharadwaja 1935
Calothrix gigas Copeland 1936
Calothrix gloeocola Skuja 1949
Calothrix goetzei Schmidle 1901
Calothrix hunanica Jao 1939
Calothrix inaequabilis Čado 1958
Calothrix inserta Nygaard 1932
Calothrix javanica De-Wildeman 1897
Calothrix karnatakensis Gonzalves et Kamat 1960
Calothrix kawraiskyi Schmidle 1897
Calothrix kossinskajae Poljanskij 1927
Calothrix kuntzei Richter in Kuntze 1898
Calothrix linearis Gardner 1926
Calothrix minima Frémy 1924
Calothrix nidulans Setchell et Gardner 1924
Calothrix parasitica [Chauvin] Thuret ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 357
Calothrix parietina Thuret ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 366
Calothrix parva Ercegović 1925
Calothrix pilosa Harvey ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 363
Cal0thrix prolifera Flahault ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 361
Calothrix pulvinata [Weber et Mohr] Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 356
Calothrix rectangularis Setchell et Gardner 1918
Calothrix reptans Geilter 1933
Calothrix rodriguezii Bourrelly et Manguin 1952
Calothrix santapaui Gonzalves et Kamat 1960
Calothrix scopulorum Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 353
Caolthrix scytonemicola Tilden 1910
Calothrix simplex Gardner 1927
Calothrix simulans Gardner 1927
Calothrix stagnalis Gomont 1895
Calothrix subantarctica Jao 1939
Calothrix subsimplex Jao 1939
Calothrix tenella Gardner 1927
Calothrix thermalis Hansgirg ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 368
Calothrix turfosa Geitler 1933
Calothrix viguieriFrémy 1930
Calothrix vivipara Harvey ex Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 362
Calothrix violacea Jaag 1938
Calothrix weberi Schmidle 1899
Calothrix wembaerensis Hieronymus et Schmidle in Kirchner 1898
2) Species without terminal hairs
Calothrix aeruginosa Voronichin 1923
Calothrix aestuarii Gayral et De Mazancourt 1958
Calothrix antarctica Fritsch 1912
Calothrix atricha Frémy 1930
Calothrix bossei Frémy 1929
Calothrix brevissima G.S. West 1907
Calothrix clausa Setchell et Gardner 1930
Calothrix conica Gardner 1927
Calothrix dnieprensis Kondrateva 1968
Calothrix elenkinii Kosinskaja 1924
Calothrix fonticola Brabez 1941
Calothrix galpinii Cholnoky-Pfannkuche 1968
Calothrix gelatinosa Fritsch 1924
Calothrix gracilis Fritsch 1912
Calothrix intricataFritsch 1912
Calothrix litoralis Anand 1937
Calothrix marchica Lemmermann 1914
Calothrix nodulosa Setchell et Gardner 1924
Calothrix obtusa Brabez 1941
Calothrix rhizosoleniae Lemmermann 1925
Calothrix schweickertii Cholnoky 1952
Unclear taxa
Calothrix bugensis Poljanskij 1955
Calothrix candelii Gonzalez Guerrero 1930
Calothrix consociata [Kützing] Bornet et Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 351
Calothrix cystosirae Schiffner 1933
Calothrix foveolarum Ercegović 1932
Calothrix fusca f. ampliusvginata Starmach 1958
Calothrix fusca f. durabilis Starmach 1958
Calothrix fusca f. michailovskoensis (Elenkin) Poljanskij in Elenkin 1949
Calothrix fusca f. parva (Ercegović) Poljanskij in Elenkin 1949
Calothrix janthiphora [Fiorini Mazzanti 1857] ex Gomont 1892
Calothrix lucknowensis Prasad et Mehrotra 1976
Calothrix membranacea Schmidle 1901
Calothrix membranacea "Geitler" sensu Gupta 1957
Calothrix minima sensu Brabez 1941
Calothrix minuscula Weber van Bosse 1923
Calothrix parietina var. africana Fritsch 1923
Calothrix parietina f. brevis Ercegović 1925
Calothrix parietina f. crassior Ercegović 1925
Calothrix parietina f. nodosa Ercegović 1925
Calothrix parietina var. thermalis G.S. West 1902
Calothrix parietina var. torulosa Gardner 1927
Calothrix parietina sensu Boye Petersen 1935
Calothrix parietina sensu Compère 1970
Calothrix parietina sensu Compère 1974
Calothrix parietina sensu Esmarch 1914
Calothrix parietina sensu Pitschman 1969
Calothrix parietina sensu Prescott 1962
Calothrix parietina sensu Rino 1972
Calothrix parietina sensu Schwabe 1962
Calothrix robusta Setchell et Gardner 1919
Calothrix sandwicensis [Nordstedt 1878] Schmidle 1897
Calothrix stellaris Bornet et
Flahault 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 365
Calothrix sp. sensu Welsh 1965
Excludenda
Calothrix balearica Bornet et Flahault, 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 348 = Phomidiochate
Calothrix rubra Bornet et Flahault, 1886. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, 3: 347 = Homoeothrix
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| Keys:
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List
of stains: |
Drawings:
 Komárek (1992)
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Application
technology:
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Literature:
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2.1 taxonomy: Bornet et Flahault 1886, Whitton 1987, Komárek 1992, Uher 2007
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2.2 cytomorphology:
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2.3 16S rRNA sequencing:
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2.4 biology and life cycles:
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2.5 ecology:
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